Inter-subject variability in muscle architecture affected ankle muscle and contact loads only slightly. These findings will help improve the development of experimental and computational musculoskeletal models by providing data to estimate force based on both surface and deep pennation angles. Inter-specimen variability in contact force was smallest at peak force. Peak ankle contact force was predicted to occur before toe-off, with magnitude greater than five times bodyweight. They make up between 30 to 40 of your total body mass. Cluster analysis revealed three groups of muscles with similar architecture and function: deep plantarflexors and peroneals, superficial plantarflexors and dorsiflexors. The majority of the muscles in your body are skeletal muscles. The mean surface pennation angle for soleus was significantly greater (54%) than the mean deep pennation angle. A previously validated OpenSim model was used to estimate ankle muscle forces and contact loads using architecture data from all eight limbs. According to the site of injury, muscle injuries are. ( 50 X ) Section from raw Longissimus dorsi of heavy Prime carcass, unaged. Muscular lesions can be further classified as intramuscular, myofascial, myofascial/perifascial, musculotendinous, or a combination. Cluster analysis was applied to group the muscles according to their architectural characteristics. Since injuries may involve all these sites, it is proposed to distinguish muscular, MTJ (proximal and distal), and tendon injuries (proximal and distal). The mean surface and deep pennation angles, fibre length and physiological cross-sectional area were measured. Eight cadaveric legs were dissected to excise the muscles acting over the ankle. The second aim was to investigate how inter-subject variability in physiological cross-sectional area and pennation angle affects calculated ankle contact forces. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to investigate differences between superficial and deep pennation angles within each muscle acting over the ankle and predict how differences may influence muscle forces calculated in musculoskeletal modelling. Inside the skeletal muscle fibers, there are several repeating sarcomeres arranged within a section of a myofibril. Musculoskeletal models developed to estimate joint contact loads have usually been based on the mean values of pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area. For the leg, muscle architecture data are derived from studies that measured pennation angle at the muscle surface, but not deep within it. Data about a muscle's fibre pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area are used in musculoskeletal modelling to estimate muscle forces, which are used to calculate joint contact forces.

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